On the subject of what time is and what it might also be connected to.

What if time, this something as different from space, as magnetism is from light are actually connected at a fundamental level. What if this very creation of time turns out to be mundane and dull, just simply like physics 101, would you lose interest. Would those that invest entire careers in physics suddenly find the subject no longer interesting. Removing all the magic of the big bang and its singularities and all the other magical and forever unknowable from science might disappoint many. No new superstring theories no magically complex and beyond normal man ability to understand but something fundamentally understandable. Those who became physicists in the first place because of the ideas that such marvelous and magical complexity must be required to pursue these very questions might not like this thesis so be warned. But then again new questions become possible, some fantastic and some very fantastic and speculative ones as well that could probably prove to be equally worthwhile so its up to you to decide. if you want to know then continue on reading.

The first part of this thesis is an examination of not only some testable predictions but how to start you thinking about these questions. Then we will get to some really good speculations later on after these main ideas are described. You got to get by this part first.

I never set out to figure out how time and space got started it just sort of came from simple observations that led to the whole thing. As much as I can remember it started originally from asking how time dilation worked i.e. slower time around massive objects like black holes etceteras. You can find out lots about this on the web about how time is slower near such things as black holes neutron stars and the like.Even our planet has a slower time relative to an object just floating motionless relative to us in space and should give a measurable amount of space expansion around our planet it if this theory is correct. We can skip reviewing most the details on how gravity slows time here.

The Shapiro effect, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_effect is an essential experiment needed to support this theory and its essential that it works as described. This is the experiment that measured the slowing in the speed of light as it travels near the sun due to the suns gravity.

I had a lot of confusion with this at first because you will note that this effect is measured from a light beam that must have curved and being curved must take longer to arrive even even if there were no gravity and time slowing effects at all. The green line shown is for reference of about where the light would arrive without the curve. I had to ask for some time to make sure that there is in fact an additional time delay that is more than if the light were simply bent by the same amount by mirrors. Its this extra time delay effect is what is essential for the space expansion predicted by this alternative theory.

It should be kept in mind here that when dealing with light curving with gravity it can become a prospective thing on what is curved and what is straight. If you were to travel with the red laser beam above you would never be able to actually see the curving in its path. Equivalence principle stuff where you cant tell free fall from motionlessness and or acceleration from gravity. Curvature become relative as two different observers will not agree on who's line is straight and who's is curved. In fact it leads to another support of this theory due to the fact that for example at a level as for example the 3m level where light is bent sufficiently to completely encircle a black hole, that up close observers can be argued to observe a flat surface having infinite volume. More details not in this essay.

With the cartoon below from my old web site. Remember the claim that gravity is caused by space time curvature. Well there has to be more to it. 

These 2 cartoons shows the difference between slow people or slow time. I used clones in these because I am too lazy drawing all this.

This cartoon below shows our clones getting closer to each other as they enter the barn where they slow to a walk. Nothing surprising here and we know the clones can see they are closer to each other but if we do this same experiment where the time itself that's actually slower inside the barn then something surprising happens.

Here the speed of the time itself is only about 1/4 as fast or 1 minute is 4 minutes long so everything to us should then appear to be 1/4 as long. Now it now takes just as long to cross the barn to the other side from either prospective but only if they continue to run at the same speed to their prospective. Because its now their time that's slower they will not be able to see or experience this change in time from their own prospective except by looking outside to compare so they have nothing with them to tell them they slowed. We can see that the clones are still the same distance apart to us and to us they also still take the same time to pass through the barn provided they do not slow down like they did above. But it gets interesting now as not only do they all become squashed up to our prospective the clones in the barn will now also also measure more distance inside the barn. If they had a ruler it would also get squashed up and shorter to us but to them it also remains unchanged as well as anything else that they could use to measure anything with but they will now measure more distance. The ruler and themselves must appear completely unchanged to their prospective.

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Lorentz contractions are where objects will start to measure shorter, most significant at relativistic speeds are not to be confused with this effect. You cannot ever end up with extra space with it. However for some some strange reason those familiar with relativity seam to have the most trouble understanding this alternate theory for some reason. They seam to easily confuse this effect with all that Lorentz contractions stuff with this different but similar effect. I was considering the pole in barn experiment as an illustration only different this time here because I put in 2 small black holes with their associated time dilating effects to help illustrate why this is different than Lorentz contraction. But this only seams to help those that are already overly knowledge in relativity and this essay is for a more general reader who is not so insistent on confusing the two effects. In this theory an object need not display any relative motion at all as for example just starting its free fall near a black hole to still become contracted as long as its rate of time is slower relative to us. Free falling objects experience no gravity and would be contracted however you would only have microseconds near a black hole before it gains a lot of relative motion and then we get into that Lorentz contraction stuff again to confuse the whole thing. Time slowing is always relative to us of course. Theory gets tricky where it actually turns out to be the actual space that's expanded and matter has not contracted at all and I did not give any details here on why I believe this to be the case.

If we do this same experiment using light entering a glass rod where its speed reduces to 1/2 as fast we end up with an analogy that gives the same sort of predictions. The pink is laser pulses. Of course this only works by analogy because while light in principle slows down entering glass or etc it works in a different way and different colors wavelengths slow by different amounts etc however its great as an analogy to help explain the theory.

But if its time itself that becomes slower inside the tube as illustrated in the lower part of the picture then we can also illustrate why atoms would also contract in much the same way as would light if we actually had a way to actually have a slower time in the tube. Remember that atoms and the quantum particles that make up atoms must have speed of light dependencies otherwise it would be very odd if they did not. In some of my theses I examine ways that the speed of light is actually the speed of time in a literal sense. In some ways by analogy its like saying that in some ways atoms are like light traveling in a circle and or a very short distance between two mirrors and then on entering a piece of glass where its speed then slows to 1/2 it should contract in the same way for the same reasons as light will. Contraction must occur in 3 dimensions with a slower time and not just in the direction of travel as I used in the simplified illustration here.

Now remember the Shapiro effect above and how similar it is to the way light entering a rod is slowed down and becomes shorter . Well for the type of slowing of time we can get with gravity not to contract the light pulses to our prospective,then it would require some very strange hidden phenomenon. I have no idea what that would be despite my numerous attempts to disprove this theory.

One of the things that will start to become apparent is that whenever you contract an object you also expand the surrounding space around the object. This turns out that this expanding space works just as if the objects did not contract at all and its actually the space that's literally more. You still have two observers disagreeing on what they see but yes it is the space that's more for reasons that I may not have time for in this essay.

Now if gravity that slows time and its the time slowing effects of gravity that expands space then anything with gravity must also expand the surrounding space. So yes even our meager planet must have expanded the space around it. Turns out to provide another explanation for how gravitational binding energy might actually work. This expanding of space even around a planet like ours also gives one of the best testable predictions of this theory. Remember that rulers contract so if you try to measure to the surface of a planet your ruler also gets shorter as you get closer so its surface ends up measuring farther away. I sometimes use an analogy of Zenos paradox to illustrate this in the extremes with black holes with some interesting conclusions not included here. Remember each time the arrow is 1/2 way to the target if its length is also now 1/2 as much and all its references on length are also now 1/2 well you get the idea. Getting closer may not always be moving at all.

If your ruler gets shorter that same ruler can be used to measure the circumference and or the diameter of the same planet and things just wont match up to fit a scale drawing on piece of paper. Planets with gravity will always end up measuring farther away and of larger diameter than can fit on scale drawings on paper. Its questionable if GPS were to be accurate enough to measure this effect on our planet but would be a great shortcut to testing this theory if it was and it is just that no one actually looked.

Remember binding energy. Its a way to explain why objects falling towards each other and if you used that falling energy to create more energy or mass so that adding them together wont give you more gravity. Otherwise forming a neutron star from a larger star wont cause planets to take up a different orbit. This is why expanding space may provide another way to explain how binding energy works or at least how we expect it to work to keep with observable predictions. Because even if mass gains energy falling to the bottom of the tower the extra energy also has extra gravity that slows time and in turn expands space. The extra energy objects just measure farther away so we see no change in the total gravity.  Inverse square law of gravity is conserved because objects are literally farther away.

THE BIG BANG AND INFLATION THEORY

Now that we got through most of the basics above here is more predictions of this theory.

Neutron stars and black holes have a lot of gravity and so must also expand the surrounding space and black holes in fact by really big amounts. Yet both can start off with just thin amounts of distributed matter without much gravity or at least not in a concentrated way that you can get space expansion. You need a lot of mass to become concentrated in one place for that and here is what it can lead to.

This is where the theory really takes off on showing how both time and space can get created. Actually any formation of a planet will crate a bit more space but its not that much but when you try to model the hypothetical creation of a black hole from two or more neutron or quark stars coming together this effect goes in to the extreme. Now try and model what happens from the prospective of a few distant hypothetical point particles in these neutron stars coming together becoming a black hole. And you end up with the same predictions as those given for inflation theory with any differences between the theories yet to be determined. Here is why.

Here is an illustrating of two tiny distant point particles on 2 neutron stars just coming together to now have enough mass to become a black hole.

In neutron or quark stars the individual particles are very close together, really squeezed in fact and the time is only slightly slower relative to us. So us on the outside and them on the stars can still communicate but just at a slightly slower rate. The idea is they are about to fall into each other. Could just as easily be lots of neutron stars all at once but we will just keep it simple here.

Below is after they become a black hole and the time becoming much slower relative to us causes them to get much smaller to us and the surrounding space becomes more to them Just like the cartoons above. They see no slowing in time from their prospective but we will see their time as slower to us but as described above they do see everything now farther apart. Remember to contract an objects by having slower time also must mean we expand the space around them. The very postulate of the theory is something along the lines of, the time dilated expansion of space in and around objects is indistinguishable from having more space. This alternate theory dose provide a mechanism for the continuing expansion of our space without the use of any mystery matter. After all if we are inside a black hole then adding mass from somewhere else could be shown to add to the same time dilation that created such a universe to begin with. This hypothesis needs more scrutiny.

We got 2 main observers here those inside the new black hole and those like us on the outside. Note that to our prospective we will simply see our 2 point particles becoming part of our new black hole in about the same time. The time will slow for those particle only from our prospective while the particle will not see this change. Measuring a slower time with a slower clock wont tell you your time is slowing to someone else's prospective. And to us of course nothing is happening faster than light.

But our point particles will see something quite strange. To them they are suddenly surrounded by empty space and the size of their new universe is only as large as they can measure using light that can only travel as fast as light can within that new universe. To them after 1 second they can only tell their universe is as large as light can travel in second. To them the expansion is faster than light but their ability to measure that vast size is limited to light speed. This must also give them the illusion or maybe even the reality that they are at its center of the universe no mater where they really are.

Other really interesting things can now happen. Remember how stars will burn out when all of their hydrogen gets changed into helium as all nuclear reactions require elements to go from lighter ones to heavier or from heavier to lighter and iron is right in the middle. No more star power when you get to iron it is to the end at the extreme After that it only takes away energy and never gives energy to change its mass.

However neutron stars are a different mater as they have lots of gravity and can crush iron directly into neutrons that's why many are believed to have surfaces of iron but neutrons inside. Dumping spent iron onto a neutron star gives you lots of new neutrons. But guess what if you could pull a neutron star apart and lets its neutrons free guess what happens. After about 12 minutes they break down into protons and you might just as well say back to hydrogen again. Hydrogen is really just protons with an electron.

But you cant do this without a vast amount of energy to pull the stuff away from a neutron star. You cant gain any energy from this so no breaking any second law of thermodynamics here. With that much gravity it takes a lot of energy to get anything out. I read one poster on Usenet claiming it was about 10% of the masses weight in pure energy. You only get a few percent of the energy from mass by going from hydrogen to helium.

But then again turning the neutron stars into black holes expands the space inside them and yes you can not only get from iron to hydrogen but you now can go from hydrogen to helium to reuse the energy that had originally came from iron. But only from inside the black hole.

Now it gets interesting again. If you expand the space fast enough we can hypothesize that we can get more mass than the total of what went in. That means that Byronic mass is not conserved meaning total number of neutrons can become more. Why this is hypothesized is because its so hard to break up a neutron without only creating mater and antimatter in equal amounts and that all those powerful particle accelerators typically cant beak up a neutron and just end up creating that same matter and antimatter. Expand space fast enough and you should have the same effect.

So just how closely dose this theory mirror those of the big bang and or inflation theory only time will tell. There are some possible other clues to look for such as asking about what amount of iron and other elements that might survive.

There is a lot more to this theory I have not included here as I may have a limit but one of the more interesting points of this theory is that it suggest that we must be in a black hole in another older universe. That the creation of our time is only a prospective of our universe. Time existed before our universe but our version of time was created with our universe along with all that spent iron from that universe now becoming hydrogen again in our universe to power our stars. Even the unbendable laws of thermodynamics that must end even when our universe ends bends to allow the creation of new universes.

One of the predictions of this theory and some parts are essential if the theory is to be supported more is the presence of white holes as the reverse side of an event horizon. That last surface of a black hole of no escape but these may not be real in the way believed but are in this theory still an approximation. What's interesting is that we could observe these white holes in our universe as much smaller than they could be to contain the much greater volume of our universe. They have no choice but appear as broken up into different areas of our universe yet if you could get up close to one it would actually only be the one object. They will frequently emit random bits of mass and or energy as anything that falls in from the outside must be dumped into our universe. They must have repulsive gravity but this might be a bit like saying the sky has repulsive gravity and the principle is probably the same. They are usually the most distant of all objects in part due to the way they have repulsive gravity. What I like most about this possibility is its the first time I have ever found the possibility of warp drive anything being possible. This is because the time near them must be faster in just the opposite way as it is near a black hole and that in this alternative theory means that white holes have some wormhole like properties near their surfaces.

Here is one of my cartoons from my old web site. It was on the idea that if you were on a high gravity world with a slower rate of time and or speed of light then equalizing the gravity at certain points would have returned time and or the speed of light to its original rate. It was funny but turned out to be wrong but yet the idea has lead to another idea that may actually work. Looking into it more lead to the hypothesis that if these tiny black holes were traveling at near relativistic speeds falling towards our high gravity planet then it may have briefly worked.

For those more advanced in physics. If these types of wormholes are possible it opens up new questions on relativity of simultaneity and in Bell's theorem.

Farther speculations or hypothesis derived from this theory and why our universe is mostly matter and not an equal amount of matter and antimatter as it should be suggest the possibilities of antigravity like phenomena. That could prove essential to any possibility for any type of hypothetical warp drive technology. It has testable predictions but most of this is so theoretical its not included here now.

So what exactly is space and time. From this theory it appears that time and space are essentially two side of the same coin and I suppose you could say that gravity is responsible for both. The odd thing here is that from our two observers that see our universe as a black hole everything is not actually that far apart yet we will see everything very far apart so who is right or wrong and why. Its probably both actually more so than it would seam at first.

Remember that to our outside observers prospective we are still in something as dense as a quark star if it were not for the expanding space phenomenon. Well there is some arguments where the ZPE Zero point energy in all that quantum vacuum stuff if you were to add up all the total forces on a single atom end ended up so extreme that most researchers simply dismissed it. Too extreme it totaled the entire mass of an entire star on a single neutron. I don't blame them that's too incredible. But then along came this theory and when we to realize that distances are just another side to another observers prospective. Then it does not seam so extreme but then for this to work we need another dimension for distances to be ignored so everything in that other dimension is actually very close and crowded just like our original particles. So how could that work. We have some clues and it comes from quantum entanglement experiments using photons of light. Turns out that under careful conditions when we create a twin of a photon we can make its other twin imitate the other at a rate that would have required something to travel much faster than light. It wont work as a faster than light communication because of the way you can know for example heads or tails to begin with except that they will both be the same regardless of distances. You can change them but if you don't know what it would have been to begin with then it cant be used as as far as I know there is not a lot done on how to change that except for a few on Usenet that I do not know what to make of.

So we may have a dimension that actually ignores distances so what dose this mean. Well what's interesting here is how similar ZPE is to actual photons and the very Casmir plates that first proved them works by excluding certain lengths by the spacing in the plates used in the experiments. Those quantum particle popping in and out that are of a certain length are prevented resulting the plates being pushed together from the outside. Literally the empty space itself pushes the plates together due to this effect. That's more than a bit suggestive of properties very much like the photons used in the entanglement experiments. I nick named the hypothetical effect Quantum inertial entanglement for lack of a more decent name.

Another gedanken I will add illustrations for later is one where we take a hypothetical space ship traveling near light speed that cannot be slowed down, dragging an cable with anchor that can not be broken by a black hole where the speed of light is only 1/2. Note that all the entire mass of such a black hole must be dragged by the end of the cable in mater to avoid a local speed of light violation even if the anchor was only 1 atom in size. This is so that if someone were in orbit near a black hole they would not observe the end of the cable now traveling at twice the speed of light within his frame of reference. This is to make an analogy with how mass and inertia is shared to make explaining these ideas easier. And also to illustrate why even the larger particle accelerator can not get any particle to go faster than light within our universe and these two effects for the same reasons. Note Mack's inertia sharing ideas where we could not know our universe were rotating if all the mass in our universe also rotates.

So is their some property where ZPE is the actual phenomenon that ignores distances in such a way that all our particles are being squeezes by his neighbors as if the space was never created at all. If it dose this it will indeed be what space is. The very thing that puts matter in its place so that space can exist. We may be in an intense ocean of it and event the strongest gravity may only be a very tiny increase in the statistical quantities of this ZPE.

FAR OUT SPECULATIONS

One of the farthest out speculations this theory leads to is something that relates to Drake equation on the probability of life elsewhere in the universe. Takes the number of stars in our universe and then subtracts those that are less likely to have planets and then of those the planets not capable of evolving life etc with fewer and fewer numbers. We still have some left with even with the lower numbers simply because there are so many stars in our universe. Well in other arguments on the ideas of super civilizations  that could in theory be almost god like the ideas are even less likely simply because our universe is not old enough to have any real good chance for them. But if we have an older previous universe and even ones before them well we now have an all new game.

Knowledge of any question. Knowledge of any original question is original knowledge. So here we go with some good stuff in the questions department.

So then the question of if a god like being is capable of existing could it have been created at some point by someone ever. Well I don't really know but the odds are now better than ever for the possibility. Then it also becomes a question on not only if but is such a thing ever possible at all. Its reasonable that some civilization would have created one for the same reason we would if we could. Simply because we care and any civilization advanced enough would also want to. The idea that we could create an after life world that would take care of us or the people we care about would of course be just the sort of thing any super advanced civilization would want to create. Such a super civilization that would have existed in any previous universe would have had to have migrated to ours or other similar universes simply because those universes dye of heat death. There is not more energy to run anything let alone a still surviving star.

Now even farther speculations deal with the idea that the nature or our minds the very questioning of the idea of a soul only makes scientists squirm. Its not that hard to argue with them after all if you cant think up new experiments its not really science or at least not anything they can work with so you cant blame them there. I don't have that problems and have actually been able to think up experiments if I ever have the means. But as it is now its really open to questions such as is soul quanta restricted to light speed. If it has no mass like properties could it travel in time. Anything able to travel faster than light might be able to. What could a super civilization be able to figure out about it. Could they figure out a way to reach into the past and collect a soul or souls at the moment of death. On the other hand what if they can only reach through space but not time so they could hide somewhere else in our universe. Could people or beings in our future create such a being as well. After all 1 billion years in our future provides a lot of unknown possibilities. AI the movie suggested the idea is not as totally original as I had thought and Batterstar Galactica even had resurrection pods so such ideas are now within the public conscience.

Fun to speculate on and I really hope such a thing exists just as anyone should that we are not the only life in the universe. But still its great that now its more about degrees of probability and not a flat no anymore.

To finish my essay
Just mostly my private thoughts on this

I do not understand why this theory has not gained popularity. It elegantly simple and Occam's razor favors it meaning "All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best.". This theory dose this well and on this essay I have not even included all the details such as other testable predictions etc due to time and perhaps space limits. This theory is so extremely simple I am almost embarrassed by it but it works and fits the requirements of a decent theory. It gives testable predictions gives no conflict of observation and provides much simpler explanations for those now so mysterious. Of those extra questions it often gives even more testable ideas to a host of those other problems. I have taken the license to be very speculative on other ideas here simply because of their importance and it never hurts to get a few new ideas for that sci fi novel when you want to add a bit more believability. But the main parts of the theory are good and solid just unknown. I have occasionally said on Unset posts, that one sometimes has to chose between what is true and what is popular.

Even on sci.physics.reserch I know my postings would not be allowed as to controversial. I did try onetime and that's the only response I got. This seams very odd when you come to realize just how valid this theory that gives testable predictions is compared to the very hypothetical untestable stuff accepted as fact on that moderated news group. Really drives home the idea of what is popular and what is true. Its been good that at least I noticed I was the least flamed crank on Usenet for quite some time. The theory may not have been praised but at least it was not ridiculed.

 Could it be that the scientist need to study their own human behavior when it comes to their own objectivity. Plate tectonics were proven for years before becoming accepted that should not have been the case. Could it be again we are all waiting for the old guard to die suggesting that Max Planck really knew what he was saying.

Perhaps its because theoretical physics has a different requirement. After all no mater how bad string theory turns out to be it still works fine for teaching. Unlike where computers and other real world engineering and technology where you go out of business fast if your products don't work. Industry can't get away with it, theoretical science can. Industry is advancing. Theoretical science?.